The date of Passover 11BC – 10AD

 

Susan Stolovy, an astronomer at Steward Observatory (Tucson, USA), has been kind enough to calculate the date of Passover for me for a wide range of dates around the time of the Nativity. 

Susan comments: "I'm getting my information from http://www.uwm.edu/cgi-bin/corre/calendar

The first day of Passover is always the 15th of Nisan (starting the evening of the 14th of Nisan).

Here are the Gregorian dates for Nisan 15. Note that the Jewish calendar has a 19-year cycle, in which the years 0, 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, and 17 all have an extra month of Adar (30 days) which occurs in Feb or March. I happened to notice that the 0th year of one of these cycles is the year 02 (which is 3762), so you can see why some years Passover is considerably later than others."

 

Hebrew Year

Date of 15 Nisan

Gregorian Year

3750

Mar 27

11 BC

3751

Apr 16

10 BC

3752

Apr 4

9 BC

3753

Mar 25

8 BC

3754

Apr 12

7 BC

3755

Apr 1

6 BC

3756

Mar 21

5 BC

3757

Apr 10

4 BC

3758

Mar 29

3 BC

3759

Mar 18

2 BC

3760

Apr 6

1 BC

3761

Mar 27

1 AD

3762

Apr 14

2 AD

3763

Apr 3

3 AD

3764

Mar 23

4 AD

3765

Apr 12

5 AD

3766

Apr 1

6 AD

3767

Mar 20

7 AD

3768

Apr 8

8 AD

3769

Mar 28

9 AD

3770

Apr 15

10 AD

 

You can compare these dates with the dates of lunar eclipses visible from Jerusalem around this time. We know that Herod died between a lunar eclipse observed from Jericho and the date of Passover. In other words, to date Herod’s death, we are looking for an eclipse that happened less than a lunar month (29 days) before the date of Passover.

 

Date

Year

Type of eclipse

June 3rd

9 BC

Total

November 28th

9 BC

Total

November 18th

8 BC

Partial, 43%

March 23rd

5 BC

Total

September 15th

5 BC

Total

March 13th

4 BC

Partial, 35%

July 17th

2 BC

Partial, 81%

January 9th

1 BC

Total

 

Only two eclipses in this interval fall around the time of Passover and, of these, the March 23rd, 5BC eclipse was just after Passover. In other words, only the March 13th 4 BC eclipse fits the known circumstances of Herod’s death. Curiously, it was the least spectacular of all the eclipses of the period in question.