Technical
review
How
to preserve your tube lifespan ?
Today
final tubes can cost thousands of dollars, so be sure to keep tube
usage at a minimum and squeeze every possible ounce of energy out of
it. Here is a list of helpful hints we have developed over the years
from field engineers input and our own personal observation.
Use
undamaged tube
Always
check a tube at receipt. There are two
critical reasons for this: if the tube was damaged in shipment and
you have sudden need for it, you may be off the air, or, if you wait
too long to file a claim with the carrier, they may reject the claim
on the basis that damage could have happened in hands other than
carrier. If the carrier mishandled the package and you fail to
notify promptly, then you will lose your right to file claim. Time
is of the essence here. If there is any noticeable damage to the
carton on delivery, be sure to note this on the delivery receipt
before signing. As soon as practical thereafter, check for shorts
with an ohmmeter. If shorted, file a claim immediately. If not,
transmitter test as soon as you can because the ohmmeter does not
always tell the whole story. It would be very desirable if you could
check the filament current at rated voltage because most tubes have
multi-strand filaments, and one or two strands could be open without
a piece breaking off and shorting. The tube could even operate with
a strand or two open. Because of fragility, a filament can be broken
without evidence of damage to the carton.
Handle
with care
Handle
with care and do not bump any tube. Filaments
are almost as brittle as a burned match stick. Grids are not much
stronger.
Good
pins are a must
Bad
connections can cause trouble. We frequently see evidence of this on
duds that come in for reprocessing. Keep contact pins (fingerstocks)
clean and tight against tubes. Wobbling tubes in and out of the
sockets can bend and loosen the pins. If pins have lost springiness
from overheating, replace promptly. Look for discoloration.
Tube
appearence
When
removing an old tube, examine it carefully. Burned spots, scorching
or attached fingerstock are immediate signs of tube socket wear.
Replace any bad fingerstock and clean the socket of debris. Insert
the new tube firmly in place, carefully take out and look at the
scratches on the new tube rings. They should be shaped evenly around
the rings.
Date
coding
Although
it is a good idea to keep a chronological record of the tube, never
write on the ceramic portion of the tube or place tape on it. The
lead from the pencil could could arcing and the tape could start a
small fire from the heat. We suggest keeping the "The Tube
History Service Report" attached to your transmitter log and
that way both can be recorded easily.
Glass
tube envelops
Today's
reliable ceramic has replaced most glass stems. However, if your
transmitter requires glass tubes, we suggest keeping the tube in an
air tight plastic bag to avoid rusting of the Kovar alloy that seals
the tube. Rusting of the Kovar could compromise the internal vacuum
and the tube could go to air rendering it useless.
Keep
it cool
The
coller tubes operate, the better. Be sure your air system is in good
condition. Keep filters clean. Keep circuit efficiency high. It is a
good idea to occasionally take the tube out and inspect the cooling
fins for trash and insects. Several blocked fins could cause enough
concentrated heat to crack a ceramic seal. Watch for discoloration
of anodes and fins due to high temperatures. On the anodes of the
tubes we rebuild, we place two dots of Tempilaq. Tempilaq is a heat
indicator. The yellow one glazes at 250 degrees centigrade and the
rust colored at 300 degrees centigrade. If these dots have melted,
your tube is too hot.
No
too high
It
is not your attittude, but your altitude that determines tube life
sometimes. In the high elevations, thin air gives less cooling for
the same volume at sea level. Keep a thermometer near the
transmitter to check room temperatures according to designer's
specifications. Lower air dielectric values at altitude could
possibly result in external arcing.
Tuning
at installation
Readjust
the transmitter when installing a tube. Keep in mind that each tube
is an individual, just like you! Each tube requires its own tuning
at installation. If the new tube exactly matches the previous tube,
you are most fortunate. Since all tubes are not created equal,
transmitter manufacturers provide for adjustments. Remember good
life depends on good operating conditions. Keep plate and grid
dissipation to a minimum (efficiency high). Keep tubes properly
loaded to avoid high R.F. voltages which may cause arcing, and
sometimes cracking of the ceramic. Be sure you are not trying to
tune the final to some harmonic and that there are not parasitic
oscillations (neutralizing). During certain weather conditions, tube
loading can change due to ice, etc. on the antenna or transmission
line. Lowering power may be in order to keep R.F. voltages in the
tube plate circuit down.
Adjusting
filament voltage
Tubes
commonly do not need to run at transmitter manufacturer's rated
voltage. They can run at reduced voltage and still produce maximum
output. When installing your tube, gradually bring the filament
voltage up to the manufacturer's rated voltage. Allow the tube to
season in at this voltage for a few hundred hours. After the tube
has been successfully installed and seasoned, gradually bring the
voltage down to a level where 100% output remains. Over time as the
output begins to fall, you can steadily raise the voltage a few 10th
of a volt to maintain output requirements.
Insufficient
ouput
If,
with normal or high plate current, output is low (efficiency low,
plate dissipation high), there is usually not enough swing of the
plate RF voltage. This could be due to the plate circuit not being
at resonance, or antenna coupling too tight; also with certain
combinations of grid excitation, grid bias, and screen voltage,
together with antenna coupling. Among variations between tubes are
the amount of grid and screen emissions. Grid and screen emissions
are usually negative to the grid and screen current readings usually
tend to make the grid and screen voltages too positive. Resistance
in the circuit of either should be relatively low to prevent
run-away. There is not a tolerance limit on the low side, but there
is a tolerance limit on the high side. Since all tubes will have
some screen and grid emission, and the average probably is toward
the high tolerance, some transmitter manufacturers may design for
this. It should usually be possible for the engineer to trade off
antenna loading excitation, grid voltage and screen voltage (keeping
plate circuit at resonance) and arrive at a good operating
condition.
End
of life
When
your transmitter tube is at the end of life, we hope you will send
them to Freeland Products, Inc. for rebuilding or purchase
consideration. We hope this information has been informative and if
used will extend the life of your transmitter tubes. Should you have
any suggestions or comments regarding personal experience, we would
love to hear about it!
Reprinted
with the courtesy of Freeland
Products, Inc.
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